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Design theory covers the methods, strategies, research and analysis of the term design. Design theory underpins the concept of, and reflection upon, creative work. Design theory, as well as design, is influenced by the particular context under which it is operating. Unlike other sciences, which may consider their subjects experimentally or empirically, design is about changing its environment and thus is also the subject that is influencing a theory about design. The statements of design theory are therefore not universal, but always in relation to a situation, a context, or a time. == History == Many aspects of design theory deal with issues of architectural theory (e.g. Vitruvius or Art theory and aesthetics). Since design is conceived as a discipline, design theory also relates to practice. The essay "Ornament and Crime" by Adolf Loos from 1908 is one of the first design-theoretical texts. Loos refused to be bound by obsolete dogmas when considering the scope of newly available manufacturing processes that were central to the emerging world of industrial production. This was in opposition to the Arts and Crafts Movement with their artistic penchant for decorative and crafted objects. In contrast to this position, the De Stijl movement promoted a geometrical abstract, "ascetic" form of purism that was limited to functionality. This attitude found its sequel in the Bauhaus movement. Here, for the first time in design history, principles were drawn up for a design that was applicable to all areas of modern aesthetics. These principles were also successfully implemented as a teaching program. While the theories of the Bauhaus were closely associated with a specific design attitude, the field of design theory later turned to questioning industrial planning and organization. The designer George Nelson who was deeply influenced by the Bauhaus established a modern theory of design in the United States. After 1946 general design approaches concerned solving inventive problems e.g. on the basis of cybernetics. With TRIZ, a similar method was established in Russia. In Germany the Ulm School of Design was established in 1953, with the goal to make the training of future product designers more realistic by combining theory with practice. With this concept, they turned away from the Bauhaus and substantiated a design of everyday life that was not dependent upon the formal bonds of the arts. With the Conference on Design Methods (1962) the Design methods Movement began. Nigel Cross proclaimed that design was not a science, but an area of "intellectual independence". In 1964, the first chair of "Design Research" at the Royal College of Art was set up in London. As the development of design methodology emerged in the 1960s, engineer and designer WH Mayall became one of the first to emphasise the relevance of industrial design and the importance of design in technology.〔''The Future of Design Methodology'', Herbert Birkhofer ed. Springer Science & Business Media, 13 Apr 2011, p3〕 Since the nineties competing disciplines such as design science, design research, design thinking develop a wider understanding of design theory. In the latest discourse, design theory is characterized by a pluralism of currents that are used in various areas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「design theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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